Iribuliro

 

Nko mu bindi bihugu byose byo kw’isi, u Rwanda rwubatswe rushingiye ku ntambara hagati y’uduhugu twari dukikije “u Rwanda rwa Gasabo”. Mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu mu mpera y’ikinyejana cya 19, Abasindi n’ibikomangoma by’Abanyiginya batwaraga u Rwanda rwa Gasabo ni bo bari barashoboye gutsinda no kwigarurira uduhugu twinshi bari baturanye, ariko mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bw’amajyepfo, hari uturere batari bagashoboye kwigarurira[i]. Umwami Musinga yashoboye kuhategeka ari uko abifashijwemo n’Abadage n’Ababiligi. Abavuga lero ko Abasindi b’Abanyiginya, n’abamikazi b’Abega bategetse imyaka irenze 400 u Rwanda uko turuzi uko rumeze ubu, baba babeshya.

 

Uko ingoma Ingoma y’Abasindi n’ibikomangoma by’Abanyiginya yajyaga ikomera, ni nako yashyiragaho imiterere ihamye y’ubutegetsi bwayo. Kugeza muri 1959 mu Rwanda hari Ubutegetsi bushingiye ku bwami. Ku ngoma ya cyami,  Umwami yari Nyir’Igihugu, Inzego z’Ubutegetsi zose zari iz’Umwami, Ubutaka n’Inka byari ubw’Umwani, Ingabo zari iz’Umwami; akagabira cyanga akanyaga uwo ashatse. Yaricaga agakiza. Umwami kimwe n’abandi batware basimburwaga n’abana babo. Ntawashoboraga kuyobora adakomoka ku mutware, cyanga ataragabiwe n’umwami.

 

1. Impinduramatwara yo mu Rwanda bise revolusiyo ya 1959 yimika Republika^[ii]

 

Ingoma ya cyami yarangwaga n’akarengane gakomoka ku Ubuhake – Ubucakara – Ikoro n’uburetwa; Umuturage usanzwe yamaraga igice cy’umwaka atikorera. Ibyo byose, hiyongeyeho umusoro w’Ababiligi, byatumye abaturage bahunga akazi n’uburetwa bakajya mu mahanga. Ababibaze basanga ko kugeza mu wa 1959, 75% b’Abanyarwanda b’abagabo n’abasore (homme adulte valide) barigeze guhungira mu mahanga i Buganda, i Kongo cyangwa muri Tanganyika. Iyo bagendaga kandi byatumaga akazi kiyongera ku basigaye, ku buryo Abanyarwanda benshi bari barabuze epfo na ruguru.

Byumvikane lero ko impunzi nyarwanda za mbere atari izatewe n’Impinduramatwara yo muri 1959.

 

Nyuma y’intambara ya kabili (1945-1949), bavuga ko ishobora kuba yarahitanye abantu hagati ya milioni 70-85 byari 3% y’abaturage b’isi icyo gihe[iii], ibihugu byarateranye kugira ngo byigire hamwe uko intambara zagabanuka kw’isi n’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu bukarushaho gushyigikirwa. Bivugwa ko impamvu nyamukuru y’iyi ntambara byari ukurwanya igitugu gikomoka kutubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu. Ni yo mpamvu Ibihugu byibumbiye mu muryango umwe w’abibumbye (Loni=UN) byemeje ko leta zigomba kugendera ku matwara ya demokarasi, zikagendera ku matageko kandi zikubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu bw’ikiremwamuntu. Ni uko hashyizweho Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu bw’ikiremwamuntu (declaration universelle des droits humains) [iv].

 

Ni ukwo tariki 28 Mutarama 1961, Intumwa za Rubanda zemeje ko zivanyeho Ubwami zishyiraho Republika[v]. Impirimbanyi zarwaniye Republika ziyishingira ku ngingo zikulikira:

1. U Rwanda ni Republika ishingiye ku butegetsi bwa Demokrasi iteza imbere abaturage;
2. Ubwenegihugu bw’u Rwanda buzabonezwa n’itegeko;
3. Republika y’u Rwanda igizwe na Prefegitura 10 zigabanyijwemo amakomini;
4. Republika y’u Rwanda yemera inteko nkuru zikulikira: ubuyobozi bwa Repubulika na Leta, Inteko Nkuru y’Amategeko, n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga;
5. Abaturage bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko, bidashingiye ku nkomoko, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’umubili, ku gitsina cyangwa ku idini;
6. Abana bose bafite uburenganzira bungana bwo kwiga bidashingiye ku gitsina, ku ibara ry’uruhu, ku bwoko cyangwa ku idini;
7. Ibyerekeye ubwigenge bizaba bikemurwa nyuma na Leta ibyumvikanyemo n’Inteko Nkuru y’Amategeko n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga;
8. Repubulika y’u Rwanda yemera uburezi bw’agateganyo, Ibihugu by’Abibumbye byahaye u Bubiligi.

 

Ni ukwo Umuturage yagize ijambo, hajyaho “ubutegetsi bw’Abaturage, bushyirwaho n’Abaturage, kandi bugakorera Abaturage”. Ni uko igihugu kigendera ku matwara ya Repubulika na demokarasi arangwa n’imiterere y’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu budakomatanijwe cyanga ngo bwiharirwe n’umuntu umwe. Urwego rwubahiriza amategeko, urwego rushinga amategeko n’urwego ruca imanza, zitandukanwa ku buryo bugaragara, ntihagire urwivanga mu mikorere y’urundi, ahubwo zikuzuzanya mu nzira ziteganywa n’amategeko.

Imiterere y’ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda muri Repubulika ya mbere yagendeye ku Itegekonshinga ryatangajwe ku itariki ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962, rihamya burundu ko u Rwanda ari Repubulika igendera kuri demokarasi izira uburetwa, ubuhake n’ubundi bucakara bwose bushingiye kw’ivangura n’isumbana ry’abaturage iryo ari ryose ryitwaza ubwoko, akarere, amavuko, igitsina, amadini n’ibindi.

 

2. Uburenganzira buraharanirwa

 

Iyo hatagira Abarwanashyaka baharanira Republika tuba tukiri mu mwijima.

Gushyiraho Republika byatumye abantu bagira ubuhumekero barakanguka batangira kumenya uburenganzira bwabo.

• Ubuhake n’ubucakara byaraciwe: Byatumye bitongera kuba ngombwa ko umuntu ahakwa kugira ngo agire umurengera cyangwa umuvugira;
• Uburetwa n’ikoro biracibwa: Umuturarwanda agahemberwa akazi akora;
• Ubutegetsi buhabwa abaturage: Umunyarwanda agakurikiza amategeko yashyizweho n’Intumwa za Rubanda rwitoreye mu bwisanzure;
• Umunyarwanda arengerwa n’amategeko kandi arindwa n’inzego za leta: Umuntu ntanyagwe utwe n’umurusha imbaraga;
• Abanyarwanda bareshya imbere y’Amategeko: ntihagire uzira Ubwoko bwe cyangwa aho akomoka; Hakaba inzego z’Ubucamanza zigenga zirangwa n’Ubutabera zirenganura buri muturarwanda zititaye ku cyo ari cyo.
• Abana ba rubanda rugufi bagira uburenganzira ku mashuli: kubera ko kugira ngo habeho iterambere ryuzuzanya no gukomeza ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda, hagomba gutangwa amahirwe angana ku miryango itishoboye kubera ko amashuri ari igikoresho cyo kwibohora no kurenganurwa (la scolarisation est un instrument d’émancipation sociale et de justice).
• Hemezwa ko abategetsi bashyirwaho na rubanda binyuze mu matora: hemezwa ko abanyarwanda bashobora gusimburana ku butegetsi batamennye amaraso no guhiga bukware abatavuga rumwe n’abari ku butegetsi ;

 

Ariko ntibyakomeje kugenda uko byari biteganijwe.

1. Muri 1973 Abategetsi ba Republika ya Mbere bahiritswe n’ingufu za gisirikari abayobozi bamwe baricwa.
2. Muri 1994 FPR yahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Republika ya Kabili ifata ubutegetsi kugufu imaze guhanura indege yarimo Prezida wa Republika. Hakurikiraho ubwicanyi n’ibindi byaha ndengakamere (génocide et autres crimes contre l’humanité) byibasiye inyoko-muntu.

 

Muri iki gihe ingoma ya FPR ikomeje kugaragazwa n’ibi bikurikira:

• Ubuhake, Uburetwa , Ubucakara, Ikoro n’ikiboko byongeye guhabwa intebe;
• Itegeko nshinga ntiryubahirizwa, ryagizwe nk’uko ifundi igira ibivuzo, rihindurwa buri gihe bigamije inyungu za FPR na prezida wayo;
• Intumwa za Rubanda zitorwa ari uko zemewe n’ishyaka rya FPR;
• Ubutegetsi Nshingamategeko ntibushobora kugenzura guverinema;
• Ubutabera ntibukibarizwa mu Rwanda kuko imanza zicibwa uko Prezida yabitegetse;
• Abantu ntibagira urwinyagambuliro, utavuga rumwe na FPR , iyo adahunze arafungwa cyangwa akarigiswa, cyangwa akicwa;
• Ikibazo cy’impunzi cyakomeje kuba agateranzamba kugeza n’ubu, ndetse FPR ikurikirana abayihunze aho bari ikabicirayo;
• Amashuri y’indatwa yaragarutse, uburezi bw’abana ba rubanda ntibugira ireme;
• Ibikingi byaragarutse, abaturage bambuwe amasambu yabo, ndetse banagenerwa igihe cyo gusarura, bagategekwa aho kugurisha umusaruro wabo, n’igiciro, bakanabuzwa kurya ibyo bihingiye; barasenyerwa ubutitsa;
• Ishyaka rya FPR rifata ku ngufu “Ikoro” imisanzu ku mishahara y’abantu baba babonye biyushye akuya;
• FPR ifite akaboko mu Intambara z’urudaca mu karere;

Uwavuga ko imitegekere y’igihugu yasubiye rudubi kurusha ndetse na mbere ye 1959 ntiyaba yibeshye, kuko kuri ubu haganje ubwami muri Republika!

 

3. U Rwanda rw’ejo rwabyifatamo rute rwakuramo ayahe masomo?

 

Kugira ngo Abanyarwanda, cyane cyane u-Rwanda-Rwejo, bazongere batekane, bagire ituze no kwishyira ukizana kwa buri muntu, n’ikibazo cy’impunzi kirangire, Abanyarwanda bagomba guhagurukira rimwe bakarwanya ingoma y’igitugu bivuye inyuma.

 

Intambara irahenda ikatumaraho abantu kurusha gushyikirana no gusabana. Ni yo mpamvu muri FDU-Inkingi n’abandi dusangiye isesengura, dusanga hakwiye kubaho ibiganiro bidaheza (Dialogue Inter-Rwandais Hautement Inclusive ‘DIRHI’) bigamije:

1. Guha ijambo buri munyarwanda mu gutanga ibitekerezo ku butegetsi abona bumubereye;
2. Gushaka ibisubizo ku kibazo cy’imibanire y’abanyarwanda mu mahoro n’ubworoherane;
3. Guca inzigo n’umuco wo guhora;
4. Guca Ingeso yo kudahana no gutanga ibitekerezo byo kurenganura abarenganyijwe n’abirengagijwe, aho bibaye ngombwa imanza zaciwe nabi zigasubirwamo;
5. Gushakira hamwe ibisubizo ku mibanire y’u Rwanda n’ibihugu by’amahanga, cyane cyane haherewe ku by’abaturanyi, intambara z’urudaca zigahosha, bityo abanyarwanda bagashobora gutembera no guhahirana nta nzitizi n’ibihugu duturanye.

 

Gushyira imbere ibi biganiro bidaheza nibwo buryo bwonyine buzatanga ubwizerane hagati y’abanyarwanda mu mitandukanire yabo, ngo bongere babane kandi bubake u Rwanda ku buryo burambye, ntawe uhejwe. Muri ibyo biganiro, umunyarwanda aho ari hose, haba mu Rwanda, mu buhungiro, yaba uwacitse ku icumu rya genoside, cyangwa uwarokotse ubundi bwicanyi ndengakamere n’itsembatsemba, baba abibumbiye mu miryango idaharanira inyungu, imitwe ya politike (yemewe n’itaremerwa n’ubutegetsi buriho), baba abibumbiye mu mitwe yafashe ibirwanisho mu rwego rwo kwirengera (rebellions), n’izindi ngeri zose tutarondoye…. bose bazabigiramo uruhare mu kuvuga akabari ku mutima no gushakira ibisubizo ibibazo bihari, nta gupfukirana ibyabaye cyangwa kumva bamwe gusa.

Ni ngombwa kandi gushyigikira uburyo bwose bwateza imbere imyumvire imwe y’amateka yaranze u Rwanda, kwirinda kuyagoreka uko ingoma zigenda zisimburana, tukareka inzobere mu mateka akaba arizo ziyandika;

 

4. Ubutegetsi bubereye Abanyarwanda

 

Kugira ngo ibibi byabaye mu mateka yacu bitazasubira, FDU-Inkingi n’abo dusangiye urugamba rwa Demokarasi, dusanga hagomba gushyirwa imbere ishyirwaho ry’inzego z’ubutegetsi n’iz’Umutekano zihumuriza kandi zikarengera buri munyarwanda; Inzego ziha icyizere buri munyarwanda, umwenegihugu wese yibonamo; Inzego zihagarariye kandi zita ku nyungu ze mu buzima bwa buri munsi ; buri rwego rw’ubutegetsi rukigenga ntiruvogerwe.

Izo nzego zigomba kuba zigaragaza ubwiyunge bw’abanyarwanda, zishishikariza abanyarwanda kwishyira hamwe, bifatiye ku bitekerezo n’inyungu bya politique byubaka bahuriyeho, hatitawe ku bwoko, akarere, n’ibindi byose byagiye bitanya abanyarwanda.

 

Hakwiga kandi uko hashyirwaho itegeko Nshinga riri hejuru y’inzego zose, rigaragaza uko inzego ziteye, uko zikora, uko zigenga, uko zikorana , uko Itegeko-Nshinga ryavugururwa bitabaye mu nyungu z’abarivugurura. Iryo Tegeko-Nshinga rigomba kuzagaragaza ukuntu ba “Nyamwinshi” batakwiharira ubutegetsi ngo bakandamize cyangwa bahungabanye ba “Nyamuke”.

 

Kugira ngo ibyo byose bizagerweho hari hakwiye ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri “Demokarasi yumvikanyweho” (Démocratie Consensuelle/ Consensual Democracy) bwafasha mu gukemura urwikekwe no kwishishanya, mu gihe Abanyarwanda benshi bacyiyumva muri byinshi badahuriyeho cyane cyane by’ubwoko, inkomoko n’uturere. Ubwo butegetsi bwashyirwaho hagendewe ku isaranganywa rishyira mu gaciro, riha icyizere amoko yose, Uturere twose n’ibindi byiciro byose by’Abanyarwanda.

 

5. INZEGO ZISHINZWE UMUTEKANO

 

Imiterere n’imitegekere y’inzego zishinzwe umutekano ni byo bishobora gutuma abategetsi birara, bakica bagakiza, ndetse ugasanga akenshi zinivanga mu mitegekere y’Igihugu. Nk’uko byagiye bigaragara mu mateka y’ibihugu bitagendera kuri demokarasi, bikaba byaranagaragaye no mu Rwanda, ingabo z’igihugu n’izindi nzego z’umutekano zagiye zikoreshwa n’abazishinzwe kugira ngo bafate ubutegetsi banyuze iy’ibusamo, ibyo biterwa cyane cyane no mu mishyirireho yazo n’abayobozi bazo.

 

Muri FDU-Inkingi n’abo dusangiye urugamba dusanga ari ngombwa gutekereza neza uko hashyirwaho ingamba zihamye zo kugira ngo ingabo zigire umwanya zikwiye mu butegetsi bugendera ku mategeko (Etat de droit/ Rule of law). Inzego z‘umutekano zigomba kuba iz’umwuga, zirinda ubusugire bw’igihugu, zirengera umutekano wa buri munyarwanda aho guhohotera abenegihugu. Ingabo z’u Rwanda n’inzego z’umutekano ntizigomba kuba uz’umuntu cyangwa ngo ziyoborwe n’ubwoko bumwe cyangwa abakomoka mu karere kamwe.

 

Ni yo mpamvu inzego zishinzwe umutekano zigomba kwitonderwa by’umwihariko kandi zigatanga icyizere n’ihumure ku Munyarwanda wese, hagashyirwaho ingabo z’igihugu zigaragaza ishusho y’imiterere y’igihugu; ubuyobozi bwazo buzasaranganywa mu moko yose, uturere twose ku buryo buhumuriza buri munyarwanda. Ni ngombwa rero guhora tuzirikana ko Ingabo ari iz’abaturarwanda, kandi zikwiye kubahiriza uko abanyarwanda bashaka kuyoborwa no kurindwa. Ni yo mpamvu tubona ko ari byiza ko Intumwa za Rubanda zigomba kugira ijambo mu gushyiraho Abayobozi b’Ingabo, n’abagize inzego zishinzwe umutekano.

 

Umunsi mwiza wa Demokarasi

28 Mutarama 2024

 

Ndereyehe Karoli

 

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[i]IBitabo by’imena twifashishije mu gusuzuma amateka y’u Rwanda

1. Antoine Nyagahene: Histoire et peuplement ; Ethnies, clans, et lignages dans le Rwanda ancien et contemporain ; ANRT, thèse de doctorat 1997
2. Baudouin Paternostre de la Mairieu : « Pour vous mes frères ! » Vie de Grégoire Kayibanda, premier Président du Rwanda ; Pierre Tequi éditeur 1994
3. Innocent Nsengimana : Le Rwanda et le pouvoir européen (1894-1952), quelles mutations ; Peter Lang, thèse de doctorat 2000
4. Innocent Nsengimana : Histoire du Rwanda ; Désidéologisation et restitution des faits historiques ; Editions Sources du Nil 2020
5. Karoli Ndereyehe Ntahontuye : Rwanda- achieving real sovereignty; Editions Scribe 2019
6. Pierre -Célestin Kabanda : L’idéal des pionniers ; les hommes qui ont fait la différence ; Editions Sources du Nil 2012
7. Université nationale du Rwanda, campus de Ruhengeri: Les relations interethniques au Rwanda à la lumière de l’Agression d’Octobre 1990 ; Genèse , soubassements et perspectives ; Editions Universitaires du Rwanda 1991

[ii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution

[iii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties

[iv] https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/kinyarwanda?LangID=rua1

Abanditsi ba FPR basimbutse : “…Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,…” , nyamara ni ingingo ikomeye iha uburenganzira Abenegihugu kwivumbagatanya bakavanaho ubutegetsi bw’igitugu.

https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/03/udhr.pdf

[v] http://www.mdrwi.org/rapports%20et%20doc/mdr/urumuri_rwa_demokrasi.htm